Learning horizontal skills (soft skills)

The truth is that horizontal competences are not absolutely teachable. However, according to Cimatti (2021) they could and should be included in the curriculum of universities or even earlier in schools. The way of assessing them is still under investigation, although an evaluation system has been proposed which is structured in self-assessment questionnaires. Finally, it seems advisable to train teachers in order to be able both to transmit these competences to students and to assess them, as they have so far lacked training on transferable competences (Anderson-Levitt & Gardinier, 2021).

Learning soft skills is vital for personal and professional development. Soft skills, also known as interpersonal or people skills, are personal attributes that enable effective communication, cooperation and interaction with others. Improving soft skills can be achieved through several steps.

- Self-awareness: Assessing current strengths and weaknesses in various areas of soft skills is a great place to start. In order to gain self-awareness, the individual can reflect on his/her communication style, emotional intelligence, teamwork skills and other relevant aspects. This self-awareness will help identify elements for improvement.

·  Identification of key soft skills: soft skills include a wide range of attributes such as communication, adaptability, problem solving, teamwork, leadership, emotional intelligence and time management, among others. The individual is advised to identify which specific skills are most relevant to your personal and professional goals.

- Setting goals: setting specific and measurable goals for each soft skill the individual wants to develop is quite helpful. For example, if he wants to improve his communication skills, he can set a goal of actively listening in conversations without interrupting for a certain amount of time.

- Continuous learning: The development of social skills can be done through continuous learning. One can study books, articles and blogs on interpersonal skills, attend workshops or seminars, online courses or enroll in formal training programs that focus on developing social skills (Carnegie, 1936).

- Practice and application: The individual must apply the concepts and techniques learned in real-life situations. Participation in role-playing exercises, practice in active listening and effective communication in interactions, and feedback from others are important steps.

· Feedback: Feedback from trusted individuals, such as mentors, peers or supervisors, who can provide constructive insights into the development of soft skills, is very important. Feedback helps to understand areas for improvement.

- Cooperation and networking: Team projects, group activities or volunteering opportunities improve cooperation and teamwork skills. Networking events and professional associations can also provide opportunities to interact with different people and practice social skills.

- Observation: When one observes individuals who are distinguished for the social skills they wish to develop, one is essentially learning from others. One must pay attention to the way they communicate, handle conflict, and demonstrate leadership (Bradberry & Greaves, 2009).

- Practical experience: Internships, part-time jobs or volunteer roles allow for practicing and improving social skills in a real-life context. Practical experience is invaluable for developing and demonstrating your interpersonal skills.

·         Reflection and adaptation: Regular reflection and evaluation of the progress and effectiveness of strategies is vital. Adjustments should also be made as needed (Carnegie et al., 1936).

- Active listening: The interviewer is advised to give your full attention to the person who has the floor. Maintaining eye contact, nodding, which indicates understanding, and avoiding interrupting the interlocutor's utterance and speech contribute to active listening. This shows respect and helps to accurately understand the speaker's message (Covey, 2004).

- Non-verbal communication: Body language, facial expressions and gestures require attention. An open posture and the use of appropriate gestures and even a smile when needed is suggested. Non-verbal cues can reinforce the message and help to connect effectively with others (Minto, 2010).

- Clear and concise expression: thoughts should be expressed clearly and concisely. The use of jargon or overly complex language is avoided and the use of simple and clear language that is easy to understand is recommended. Finally, in order for the message to be coherent, thoughts should be organised.

-Empathy and understanding: The term empathy refers to understanding the perspectives and feelings of others.The interlocutor demonstrates empathy by acknowledging feelings and validating experiences. This helps to build a relationship of trust and promotes better communication.

-Assertiveness: It is good to find a balance between passivity and aggression by practicing assertiveness. The individual can express their thoughts and opinions with confidence and respect, while being open to feedback and different opinions (Douglas & Heen, 2014).

- Role models: observing and learning from people who have the ability that the individual desires to acquire is one means.

- Developing emotional intelligence: Emotional intelligence involves understanding and managing emotions, as well as recognizing and responding to the emotions of others.

Developing social skills is an ongoing process that requires patience, practice, and a commitment to continuous learning. The individual should take advantage of opportunities for growth, seek feedback and apply their skills in different contexts to become more effective in their communication. Improving communication skills is an ongoing process. It takes time and practice. The individual should be patient and gradually incorporate these strategies into their daily interactions (Beebe & Beebe, 2015).